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Advising the Elders and Pre-Qin State Administration
——Assessment of the “book” classical literature in Qing Dynasty as the middle
Author: Extraordinary Life
Source: Jinan Journal: Philosophy and Social Science Edition” 2020 Issue 10
Content summary:The chapters of “Yin Gaozong asked the Three Prisons”, “Haofu”, “Zheng Wengong Asked Taibo”, “Adult Man” and other notes that the king asked the elders for education and politics, and also had chapters that emphasized the importance of the elders, reflecting the tradition of consulting the elders in the pre-Qin period. Although there were differences in time, the elders’ answers pointed to problems such as taking history as a precept, imitating the previous kings, appointing talents, and cultivating themselves. These thoughts are the key to China’s modern governance and are also a good tradition established over the past thousands of years. The king consulted with the elders not only to abide by Chen’s political system, but also to be a political reality. From the simple and relevant records of the Qing Dynasty, we can understand that the elders played an extremely important role in the inheritance of China’s modern historical civilization.
Keywords: Elders/Advisory/Tsinghua Simplified Chinese/Bookbook
Fund Item: Qizhou Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning National Classification Course Subject “Tsinghua Major and Escape” (VI) Collection of Research and Discussion” (Agreement No.: 18GZGX30); National Social Science Fund Youth Project “Tsinghua Simplified Chinese “Tsinghua Simplified Chinese” and Eastern and Zhou Dynasties” (Agreement No.: 16CZS036).
Author introduction:Senior student, Shandong Master Fan Daxue [Modern Emotion] “Last Year Newlywed” Author: Su Qi [Completed + Extra] Deputy Professor of Civilization Research Institute
The Qing Dynasty’s Great Learning to Dominate the National Bamboo Shop has announced nine chapters, mostly related to history, including history-based initiation, and some famous figures (such as Zida) as political thinking, which is closely related to governance. Among them, “Yin Gaozong asked the Three Prisons”, “Houfu”, “Sacrifice to the Duke”, “Zheng Wengong Asked Taibo”, “Adult Man” and other chapters are dialogues between the kings and elders. There are also chapters such as “The Emperor”, “The Duke Wengong Adventures in the Duke”, and “Zidao” that are particularly eye-catching. Some scholars have already conducted research on a specific article. ① We believe that these articles can be discussed in a comprehensive manner based on classification, and they can be analyzed without any contemplation.
1. Consultant of the government
The elders, Xu Shen said in “Shi Wenjiezi”: “The elders are the elders.” “The Book of Songs·Qulu” says: “Sixty is the elders”, and age restrictions are added. This article discusses the theory of prudentity and regards the elderly as the general term for older and older virtuous people. According to the Qing Dynasty, the consulting targets can be divided into two categories: seniors who are in charge of politics and seniors who are in the previous generation. There are also special circumstances in which the king comforted the elders who are “serious illnesses ended” and consulted. ②
(1) Ask and reuse the elders who are in charge of politics
The Qing Dynasty’s “Yin Gaozong asked the Three Prisons” about the dialogue that the Shang king asked the “Three Prisons” to teach the politics. ③ The three Prisons refer to the elderly with different ages. “Zhuangzi·Zi Zhuozhi” says that “a person is a hundred years old, a middle Prison is eighty, and a lower Prison is sixty” ④. The simplified text calls it “shao Prison” and “middle Prison”, and regards Peng Zu as “upper Prison”. Judging from the content, the important part of the whole article is the dialogue between King Shang and Peng Zu. Shaofu and Zhongfu are just accompanying each other, and the political management concepts they are exposed are also released late, so they should be based on the work.
Peng Zu was regarded as an old man, as in “The Legend of the Immortals” said, “Peng Zu was a great man in the Yin Dynasty. … During the summer and the late Yin Dynasty, he was more than 800 years old.”⑤. Teacher Li Junming pointed out that this article “a more comprehensive display of its political management concept beyond cultivation. This statement that is based on the high-ranking old man’s opinion is actually a focus on practical experience, and the author has clearly shown Peng Zu as an abstract representative of experience discussion to everyone.” ⑥We believe that it is a matter of Emperor Gaozong of Yin to ask Peng Zu and other elders to teach politics, and the text may only be based on content.
The predecessors had a tradition of respecting the elderly. Respecting the elderly not only involves filial piety, but also good at listening to teachings and following the way. Therefore, Confucius said that “if you have not changed your father’s way for three years, you can be filial.” (“Speech·Study”). Whether one can follow the words of the elders is also the main basis for judging whether a monarch can be suitable for politics. For example, the Lu Xiao Gong official account recorded in “Mandarin·Zhou Wen 1”:
In the spring of the 32nd year, King Xuan attacked Lu and established Duke Xiao Gong. It is not harmonious to follow the rules. When King Xuan wanted to get the son of the country to teach the marquis, Fan Muzhong said, “Lu Hou is filial.” The king said, “Why do you know it?” He replied, “You are respectful and wise and respectful to the elders. If you are responsible for the work and conduct punishment, you must ask for advice and consult the truth. You do not do anything you ask or violate the advice.” The king said, “However, you can be able to treat it easily.” He ordered Duke Lu Xiao to go to Yigong. ⑦
King Xuan of Zhou attacked Bo Yu, who killed Duke Lu Yi, and caused disagreement between the princes. He wanted to find “those who can teach Duke Zhu”, and finally chose Duke Xiao, which was closely related to Duke Xiao’s ability to serve the elders, be good at listening to the elders’ teachings and conduct them. In the view of the King of Zhou, only in this way can he “treat the common people” and explain that respecting the elders in the Western Zhou Dynasty was always the main ethics and virtues of the modern kings.
There are also records of the Zhou Dynasty’s affairs of consulting and appointing elders in the Zhou Dynasty. For example, the first chapter of “The Emperor’s Gate” says: “Only in the month of the [month], Gong Ge was in the Gumen. Gong Ruo said: ‘Wow! I have few towns and small countries, and I have contempt for the elders to hold my position.’”⑧ The Zhou Gong’s words in the “Yi Zhou Book·Explanation of the Imperial Gate” are: “There are small countries in the lower towns and there are elders.” Regarding this sentence, Master Yang Zhuang’s teacher Baoqingapp Interpretation:
Reserved from “Yi Zhou Shu” “The Imperial Door Interpretation”, recording the speech that Duke Zhou made when he met the “Group Door” in the palace gate. … “Group” isIt refers to Zhou’s many “big chiefs” who are the chiefs of various clans. “Members” is a regular meeting of the chiefs of the clans, which changed from the discussions of clan leaders during the military regime in the late primitive society. During the lecture, Duke Zhou opened his head and said, “There are only a few old people in the small country in Xiayi.” Because the subjects of the lecture were the elders of the clan. ⑨
What Mr. Yang said is reasonable. The elders of the clan had a higher political position at that time, which stemmed from the modern patriarchal system in China. Duke Zhou’s speech expresses his emphasis on the elders and elders of the clan.
The Qinghua Classic “Duke Wen of Duke Wen of the Han Dynasty” is recorded in the chapter of “Dragons of the country, and he was appointed as the throne: “Tomorrow, the elderly were born in the country and ordered him to say: ‘If you are lonely for a long time, you will not be able to repair the country’s policies. You will be ordered to detain the debt, and you will not be responsible for any responsibility. src=”https://static.rujiazg.com/storage/article/W020210624355449475200.jpg!article_800_auto”>, all the same is true in all four seals. ‘” ⑩ It should be said that Duke Wen of the King of the State has given his in-depth historical landscape and real reason. He has been out of office for 19 years, although he has obtained it. The Qin Dynasty supported the country, but its political position was not stable, and at the same time, he was not familiar with the country’s situation. Otherwise, the elders knew that Chong’er came from his ancesto
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